Hemostatic disorders induced by skin contact with Lonomia obliqua (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) caterpillars

ABSTRACT Patients envenomed by Lonomia sp caterpillars initially experience a mild burning pain, headache, nausea, vomiting, and skin and mucosal hemorrhages. Some patients can rapidly progress to a severe coagulopathy that presents as visceral or intracerebral hemorrhaging. We studied the hemostatic alterations that occurred in 14 patients who were envenomed by Lonomia obliqua in Southern Brazil and presented at the Hospital São Vicente de Paulo (Passo Fundo, RS), Brazil during the summers of 1993 and 1994 when Lonomia antivenom was not yet available for treatment. The patients were classified into to 4 clinical groups: 0 (two patients), I (eight patients), II (two patients), and III (two patients). The patients were admitted to the hospital between 4 hours and five days after contact with the caterpillars. In this study, the coagulation parameters of the patients were followed up for up to 172 hours after the accidents. The patients received no treatment with the exceptions of two patients who received blood transfusions and antifibrinolytic treatment. The observed abnormalities related to blood coagulation and fibrinolytic factors were similar regardless of the severity of the bleeding symptoms. These findings suggest that alterations in hemostatic parameters without thrombocytopenia are not predictors of the seriousness of such accidents. Thus, consumptive disorder and reactive fibrinolysis are not proportional to mild coagulopathy. Furthermore, these patients recovered. The hemostatic parameters of most of the patients normalized between 96 and 120 h after the accident.

Venomous and poisonous arthropods: identification, clinical manifestations of envenomation, and treatments used in human injuries

Abstract This review presents the main species of venomous and poisonous arthropods, with commentary on the clinical manifestations provoked by the toxins and therapeutic measures used to treat human envenomations. The groups of arthopods discussed include the class Arachnida (spiders and scorpions, which are responsible for many injuries reported worldwide, including Brazil); the subphylum Myriapoda, with the classes Chilopoda and Diplopoda (centipedes and millipedes); and the subphylum Hexapoda, with the class Insecta and the orders Coleoptera (beetles), Hemiptera (stink bugs, giant water bugs, and cicadas), Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, and bees), and Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths).

Lonomia obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): hemostasis implications / Lonomia obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): implicações em hemostasia.

Summary In southern Brazil, since 1989, several cases of accidents produced by unwilling contact with the body of poisonous caterpillars of the moth species Lonomia obliqua Walker, 1855 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), were described. L. obliqua caterpillars have gregarious behavior and feed on leaves of host trees during the night, staying grouped in the trunk during the day, which favors the occurrence of accidents with the species. This caterpillar has the body covered with bristles that on contact with the skin of individuals, breaks and release their contents, inoculating the venom into the victim. The basic constitution of the venom is protein and its components produce physiological changes in the victim, which include disturbances in hemostasis. Hemorrhagic syndrome associated with consumption coagulopathy, intravascular hemolysis and acute renal failure are some of the possible clinical manifestations related to poisoning by L. obliqua. Specific laboratory tests for diagnosis of poisoning have not been described previously. The diagnosis of poisoning is made based on the patient's medical history, clinical manifestations, erythrocyte levels, and, primarily, parameters that evaluate blood coagulation. Treatment is performed with the use of supportive care and the administration of specific hyperimmune antivenom. Poisoning can be serious and even fatal.

Na região Sul do Brasil, a partir de 1989, foram descritos inúmeros casos de contato acidental com o corpo de lagartas venenosas da mariposa da espécie Lonomia obliqua Walker, 1855 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). As lagartas de L. obliqua possuem comportamento gregário e alimentam- -se de folhas das árvores hospedeiras durante a noite, permanecendo agrupadas no tronco durante o dia, o que favorece a ocorrência de acidentes. Essa lagarta possui o corpo recoberto por cerdas urticantes, que, ao contato com a pele dos indivíduos, se rompem e liberam seu conteúdo, inoculando o veneno na vítima. A constituição básica do veneno é proteica e seus componentes produzem modificações fisiológicas no acidentado, que incluem distúrbios na hemostasia. Síndrome hemorrágica associada a coagulopatia de consumo, hemólise intravascular e insuficiência renal aguda são algumas das manifestações clínicas possíveis relacionadas ao envenenamento por L. obliqua. Ainda não foram descritas avaliações laboratoriais específicas para diagnóstico do envenenamento, que é feito com base na anamnese do paciente, nas manifestações clínicas, nos índices hematimétricos e, principalmente, nos parâmetros que avaliam a coagulação sanguínea. A terapêutica é feita com a utilização de medidas de suporte e com a administração de um soro heterólogo hiperimune específico. Os envenenamentos podem ser graves e até mesmo fatais.

"Sign of the kiss" in dermatitis caused by vesicant beetles ("potós" or Paederus sp.)

The cosmopolitan beetles of the Paederus genus (potós) cause a severe dermatitis when the insect is crushed against the skin of exposed areas (the cervical region is the most affected). Toxins (pederin and others) from the hemolymph of the insect cause plaques and/or bizarre, linear lesions with erythema, edema, blisters, pustules, crusts and exulcerations. There may be a burning sensation and severe conjunctivitis. Lesions disappear after 10 days and may leave hyperchromic macules. Treatment is made with topical corticosteroids and intensive washing.

Aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos y de tratamiento de 11 casos de envenenamiento por ciempiés en Adícora, Península de Paraguaná, estado Falcón, Venezuela / Clinical, epidemiological and treatment aspects of eleven cases of centipede envenomation in Adícora, Paraguaná peninsula, Falcón state, Venezuela

A pesar de que las picaduras por ciempiés o centípedos (Phylum Arthropoda, Clase Chilopoda) son frecuentes y pueden potencialmente ocasionar el deceso del individuo, en Venezuela son pocos los estudios acerca de su ocurrencia. Entre octubre de 2006 y mayo de 2007, se realizó un estudio descriptivo y prospectivo para determinar los perfiles clínicos, epidemiológicos y tratamiento de los envenenamientos ocasionados por centípedos en individuos que asistieron a la emergencia ambulatoria en Adícora, estado Falcón, Venezuela. Se hizo la evaluación clínica y la anamnesis para indagar la hora y el lugar del accidente. El centípedo se recolectó para identificación. El tratamiento consistió en aplicación tópica de solución antiséptica yodada (Povidona®); analgésico antiinflamatorio endovenoso y toxoide tetánico; en el caso de abscesos se administró antibiótico terapia per os. Se registraron 11 pacientes mordidos por Scolopendra sp., 6 (54,55%) femeninos y 5 (45,46%) varones. Los accidentes ocurrieron con mayor frecuencia en meses de la estación seca (diciembre-abril; >60%), en adultos (39-62 años; 81,82%), residentes locales (81,82%) dentro del domicilio (54,55%) en horas nocturnas (63,64%) y en los miembros inferiores (54,55%). Los pacientes asistieron a la emergencia ambulatoria entre 5 a 600 minutos después del accidente ( =169,9 ± 236,3). Las manifestaciones clínicas mayormente observadas fueron de tipo local: dolor intenso [Escala Analógica Visual (VAS) = : 8,5 ± 0,63)], y eritema en 100% de los casos. Se obtuvo una evolución postratamiento satisfactoria entre 4 y 5 días y VAS de dolor promedio significativamente menor ( = 0,09± 0,20; t= 42,0, P= 0,0001). Los accidentes por Scolopendra sp. en Adícora, estado Falcón, Venezuela son un problema de salud pública, que parecieran incrementarse por los hábitos sinantrópicos y nocturnos de los centípedos, y seguir un patrón estacional. Se presentaron manifestaciones locales que requirieron un tratamiento básicamente local.

Despite centipede (Phylum Arthropoda, Clase Chilopoda) bites in humans are frequent and may potentially result in fatal consequences, in Venezuela publications on its envenoming and related characteristics are really scarce. Between October 2006 and May 2007, a descriptive and prospective survey was conducted to investigate epidemiological, clinical and treatment profiles on injuries caused by centipedes in patients that were attended in ambulatory emergency service at Adicora, Falcón state, Venezuela. These were clinically examined, and by mean of anamnesis were recorded site and time of bite. The centipede was collected for identification. Treatment consisted on the application of a topical antiseptic solution (povidone-iodine), intravenous administration of an anti-inflammatory analgesic, antibiotic therapy per os and tetanus immunization. It was registered 11 cases bitten by Scolopendra sp., 6 (54.55%) females and 5 (45.46%) males. Most of accidents occurred in the dry season (December- April>60%), adults (39-62 years old; 81.82%) local residents (81.82%), inside the home (54.55%), during the night (63.64%) and on the lower limbs (54.55%). The time between ambulatory medical assistance and the accident varied from 5 to 600 minutes, with a mean time of 169.9 ± 236.3. Most clinical manifestations observed were local: intense pain [Visual Analog Scale (VAS) = : 8.5 ± 0.63)], and erythema 100% of the cases. Patients had a satisfactory post-treatment evolution after 4 and 5 days, and pain VAS mean values significantly lower ( = 0.09 ± 0.20; t= 42.0, P= 0.0001). Envenoming injuries caused by Scolopendra sp. are public health concern at Adicora, Falcon state, Venezuela, that appear to increase with sinanthropic and nocturnal habits of centipede, and follow a seasonal pattern, requiring local symptomatic therapeutical treatment.

Empozoñamiento pediátrica: una revisión de siete años / Scorpioning sting in pediatrics age: a review of seven years

Se revisó la casuística de empozoñamiento escorpiónico en el Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Dr. Domingo Luciani durante el período 1988-1995. Se presentan 11 casos procedentes del Distrito Sucre, Estado Miranda, cuyas edades varían desde los 10 meses hasta los 12 años, de estos sólo uno ameritó ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos; no se presentó ninguna defunción.